Romeo And Juliet - Star Crossed Lovers Essays -

Romeo and Juliet - Star Crossed Lovers Romeo and Juliet - Star Crossed Lovers A couple of star-crossed darlings, Romeo and Juliet. From the initial scenes of the play these two offspring of quarreling families were bound to experience passionate feelings for together and in the end kick the bucket together. How does the peruser see this? How would we realize it was destiny which set off these occasions? Fortuitous event caused the passing of these two sweethearts. Hence Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare's incredible disasters. For occurrence to have caused the passing of Romeo and Juliet it more likely than not been obvious in the occasions paving the way to their demises. These occasions remember their gathering and succumbing to cherish, their partition, their get-together lastly their suicides. Tackling the old quarrel between their families was the main genuine consequence of these unfavorable passings. How did Romeo and Juliet meet? Was it by destiny or might it be able to have been kept away from? Romeo and Juliet couldn't have abstained from interacting with one another, they were united by wild conditions. In Romeo and Juliet's time Verona (a city in Italy roughly 100 km west of Venice) was a reasonable measured city, and knocking into an associate was impossible. Over the span of Act I, Scene II, the opposite had occurred, and occurred by some coincidence. As Romeo and Benvolio were approaching an open territory they were halted by a Capulet worker. After Romeo had perused the list of attendees to the Capulet party and the hireling was on his way, Benvolio proposed that to diminish himself of his pity for Rosaline, Romeo ought to go to the gathering and contrast Rosaline with the other female visitors. Romeo concurred Another case of happenstance is obvious here. In the event that Rosaline had not been joining in, Benvolio would not have thought anyt hing about the gathering. During the Capulet's ball Romeo and Juliet had seen one another, when this occurred, there was no power that could have prevented them from beginning to look all starry eyed at. The experience with the hireling in the city set off an impossible chain of occasions. Given the data following, none of these occasions could have been changed or stayed away from . Also, for that offense quickly we do oust him henceforth, (Romeo also, Juliet, III, II, 191-192). Romeo's expulsion and the destiny associated with it is a prime factor in the passings of Romeo and Juliet. Why expulsion? In Act I, Scene I the Prince's words were a remarkable opposite. Was it purposeful that a man of such elevated expectation would backpedal on his promise? Maybe. Romeo's outcast harms all chance of joy for himself and Juliet. His outcast causes Juliet incredible distress, more prominent at that point on the off chance that he had been executed, as expressed by Juliet in Act III, Scene II, lines 130-131. Juliet's distress drives her to get a knockout elixir from Friar Laurence which, basically makes Romeo settle on some significant choices in regards to his prosperity. Romeo's expulsion (achieved by the passing of Tybalt) started the Friar's plan which in the long run drives the two sweethearts to their demises. In rejoining the two sweethearts, timing assumed the biggest job in choosing if they would live beyond words. Minister Laurence had two opportunities to convey the message to Romeo with respect to Juliet's current state. The first and most reasonable strategy for sending this message was through Romeo's man, Balthasar. The subsequent strategy was to send the message with Friar John. Timing was a significant factor in both of these occasions. Minister Laurence had botched his chance to send the message with Balthasar and returned to sending it with Friar John. As destiny would have it, Friar John was secured up a denounced house in light of the plague. Therefore Romeo got wrong data. The main data he got from the clueless Balthasar was that Juliet was dead. There are two significant focuses to note around there of the play. One being the reference to star-crossing made by Romeo when he knew about Juliet's passing. Is it all things being equal? at that point I challenge you, stars. (Romeo and Juliet, V, I, 24). The second being that when Romeo got the toxic substance he states Come cheerful, and not poison, go with thee. (Romeo and Juliet, V, I, 85). This is unintentional to what Juliet had said before, in

What Ive Learned Free Essays

On July 21, I went to a family grill in Rochester, NY. Subsequent to leaving the grill, I was en route to meet my siblings John and Nick at the neighborhood bar to talk and have a fabulous time. After we saw our most seasoned sibling John off, Nick and I chose to race down the central avenue around. We will compose a custom paper test on What Ive Learned or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now I learned on this day to never race a vehicle around a risky bend. While my sibling and I left the parking area of the bar, he circumvented me to lead. I tailed him until we arrived at the central avenue, Peach St. As we moved toward the road, Nick arranged on the correct side of my vehicle and inside three seconds we hurried up pedal. While speeding down Peach St. around 80-90mph, I saw that after we passed the public venue. Additionally, I was currently in the number one spot. Since I had the lead, I endeavored to apply my brakes but since I was going too quick they wouldn’t work. Seeing that my brakes weren’t working, I considered what was going to stop my vehicle in this local location. Now, everything I could do was keep my foot on the brakes and shout. As I shouted, I looked as my vehicle experienced someone’s parlor window and my body hit the controlling wheel. After the vehicle experienced the lounge room window, I at that point got out creation sure everybody was okay. Since everybody was fine, I called the police, and my family. While remaining outside my vehicle, I glance around and all I see is my vehicle on the yard of the house with glass on top of it and the front wheel turned the contrary way. From my speeding, I totaled my vehicle and pulverized someone’s house. Acknowledging what simply occurred, I presently felt like I was hit consecutive by three tractor trailers. This was one of the most exceedingly terrible sentiments to encounter. In light of my imbecilic choice to speed, I wound up with no vehicle; the family who was making the most of their night was out of a house for a couple of evenings. I was currently stuck managing another sort of melancholy. Toward the day's end I genuinely guaranteed my little girl and myself just as my family that I was finished with dashing except if it was on a genuine track. The most effective method to refer to What Ive Learned, Papers

Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke

Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes Print Why You Should Stay Away From Thirdhand Smoke By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on October 15, 2015 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 22, 2020 Megumi Kurosaki / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Thirdhand smoke (THS) is a term originally coined by doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital for Children. Meant to describe dangers specifically associated with residual toxins left behind on surfaces once firsthand and secondhand smoke have cleared out of a room, we now understand more about the composition of THS that lingers in the air, as well. What Is Thirdhand Smoke? Have you ever stood in a check-out line and known there was a smoker nearby, even though no one was smoking anywhere close? Or maybe you walked into a room thick with the unmistakable smell of stale cigarette smoke, even though there was no visible smoke in the room? Or, if someone smokes in your house or car, how about that yellow gunk you clean off the windows? These are all examples of what is known as THS, a noxious mix of gases and small particles that remain in the air for hours after a cigarette is smoked, and are deposited on every surface they come into contact with. From air to hair, clothing, bedding, furniture, carpets, table surfaces and toys, nothing is exempt from contamination if its in a room or other closed environment (like a vehicle) where cigarettes were smoked. The Differences Between First, Second, and Thirdhand Smoke So, what is the difference between firsthand smoke, secondhand smoke,  and thirdhand smoke? Firsthand smoke is cigarette smoke that a smoker draws into his or her lungs when inhaling from a lit cigarette. Secondhand smoke is a combination of exhaled firsthand smoke and the smoke wafting into the air from the end of a burning cigarette. Thirdhand smoke can be broken down into three distinct parts: Gases and small particles that are suspended for hours in the air of rooms or other closed spaces (aged secondhand smoke).Tiny solid particles that settle and stick to surfaces of an enclosed area.Toxins on surfaces and in the air that combine with other common indoor pollutants, creating new chemical compounds or more dangerous forms of chemicals in the process. Thirdhand Smoke in the Air Scientists have discovered that aging secondhand smoke hanging in the air of an enclosed space changes over time in unexpected ways.?? While most of the solid particles in THS fall to surfaces within 20 minutes, some solid matter does remain in the air and can be inhaled into the lungs. Additionally, the levels of some chemicals in secondhand smoke actually increase for a time as the smoke transitions to THS, making breathable air in a room more dangerous. Three toxic chemicals of this type that have been identified are acrolein, methacrolein,  and acrylonitrile. The first two are respiratory and eye irritants, and the third, a highly flammable carcinogenic compound. Thirdhand Smoke on Surfaces Nicotine and other toxins from cigarette smoke coat everything it comes in contact with. And worse, some of those chemicals are transformed when they come into contact with other common indoor pollutants. For instance, when nicotine reacts with nitrous acid on indoor surfaces, it creates  TSNAs, a group of highly carcinogenic  chemicals. Chemicals from THS also stay in the environment for a long time. Research has shown that rooms that were smoked in retain THS in dust and on surfaces long after smoking has ceased.?? It even persists after cleaning and repainting.   Thirdhand Smoke in Chemical Fumes Researchers have learned that some of THS toxins parked on surfaces can off-gas, meaning that chemical fumes are released back into the air from the solid particles in that residue.?? Other Dangers Scientists have learned that when ozone mixes with residual nicotine in the air and on surfaces, it transforms into ultra-fine particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs.?? These particles may be difficult for the body to expel and could cause additional breathing problems for asthma sufferers. Thirdhand Smoke Risks for Children The chemical fallout that settles on surfaces from the gases and small particles in cigarette smoke isnt good for anyone to be exposed to, but its especially harmful to small children. They are much more likely to ingest these invisible toxins when touching furniture, floors,  and toys  because they put their fingers (and toys, etc) in their mouths often. It should also be noted that THS in the air is a greater risk for babies and young children,  too,  because their respiratory rate is faster.?? This causes them to inhale more toxins in the same amount of time as someone who is older with a slower rate of breathing. Bottom Line Weve known for a long time that cigarette smoke is dangerous air to breathe. Now we also know that secondhand smoke lingers, settles and even transforms into other dangerous chemicals known as thirdhand smoke. It is important for your health and those you care about to avoid indoor areas where smoking is allowed. If you have smokers in your family, set a strict boundary about smoking outside. Researchers have identified more than 7,000 different chemical compounds that are present in cigarette smoke, including at least 250 poisonous gases, at least 69 carcinogens,  and several heavy, toxic metals.?? Do your part to ensure that children dont suffer the health hazards posed by cigarette smoking. Ban smoking in your home and car, and if you smoke, quit now

Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner - 897 Words

Ordinarily, pieces of literature show scenes of violence. These events are not just placed haphazardly; often times, these predicaments are intricately set to build the meaning of the work. Wighout this kind of violence, some points in the novel would be hard to comprehend. In Khaled Hoseinis The Kite Runner, multiple cases of compulsion are demonstrated. Khaled Hosseini uses symbolism and sense of mood during these situations contribute to the understanding of his literary work. Chapter seven of the novel opens somewhat normal, with two young boys, Amir and Hassan, preparing for the annual kite running tournament. When the boys win the contest, an air of jubilance and carelessness comes over Amir and Hassan. Hosseini describes the†¦show more content†¦Moreover, throughout his whole life, Amir feels the need to be repented for his past mistakes. When Amir gets the notorious call from Rahim Khan and asked upon his arrival to save Sohrab, Amir first denies but then accepts t he fact that this may be his only chance to redeem himself. Amir finally finds the place where Sohrab is and is coincidentally confronted by Assef. The fight scene here is brutal, and full of bloodshed. However, rather than feeling pain, Amir feels â€Å"at peace†, â€Å"healed†, and â€Å"satisfied.† Overall, the scene is relieving and peaceful, at least for Amir. At the time, Amirs pain makes him feel happy by suffering. Though Assef brings a mood of obscurity, Amirs recent catharsis brings about one of relief. Throughout the whole fight, Amir knows that he really isnt going to win; but, winning was not the goal. When Amir decides not to rin from Assef, he welcomed the pain rather than running away from it as he did early on in the novel. Amir feels as though this is the punishment that he deserved because of his unfaithfulness to Hassan. This is the motive behind Amirs laughter during the fight. Upon going to the hospital after the fight, the doctor tells A mir that he has a scar splitting his upper lip, which ends up being similar to Hassans. When Amirs scar surfaces, it shows the equality between Amir and Hassan. His whole life, Hassan was seen of a lower status because his family couldnt afford to get itShow MoreRelatedHonesty In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner1009 Words   |  5 Pages The book â€Å" The Kite Runner† has a lot of themes to offer but each person experiences a different theme. The book is based on a man whose past contributes to everything his future has to offer. Every choice he has ever made has an outcome. Khaled Hosseini’s novel , The Kite Runner , teaches the reader that honesty is important in order to have an effective relationship through Amir lying on Hassan and Baba withholding information about him and Hassan that was important. My thesis supports the overallRead MoreKhaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner Essay747 Words   |  3 Pages In the novel The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini tells a no table coming-of-age story portraying the actions and thoughts of Amir, a penitent adult living in the United States and his reminiscence of his affluent childhood in the unstable political environment of Afghanistan. Throughout the novel Khaled Hosseini uses character description to display his thoughts on sin and redemption. The main character described in the novel is Amir. Amir is the narrator and the protagonist in the story. AlthoughRead More Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesKhaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner In the Kite Runner, the author explores the ties that bind sons to fathers and childhood friends to one another and of the forces that tear them apartRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner1697 Words   |  7 Pagesstated that what happens in the course of a day has the power to change the rest of our lives forever. This passage exemplifies how monumental our actions are and how one seemingly small action has the power to change our lives. In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner, it is suggested that individuals can atone for the bad things they have done in their past: consequently, we explore the idea that taking responsibility for past actions is only possible if the person who seeks redemption first admitsRead MoreDifferences In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner1210 Words   |  5 Pagestwo young boys who are seen as totally two different types of children but in all reality they are truly the same in many aspects. Winter of 1975 changed both of their lives and made them realize that nothing ever would be the same. Khaled Hosseini’s novel, The Kite Runner, teaches the reader that one choice can make a huge difference in your entire life. Through Baba not telling Amir and Hassan the truth about their brotherhood, Amir not trying to defend Hassan when he needed it the most, and RahimRead MoreKhaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner1741 Words   |  7 Pageshimself into. On return to his home country Amir found out that Hassan is dead and apart from him being dead Hassan is also his half brother that left behind son behind. Amir seeks out to find his nephew to bring him back to America with him. The kite runner is basically outlining some of the key concepts of Maslows hierarchy of needs, although some of those needs are outlined in the book there are also some other important psychological concepts outlined in the book as you read on and learn aboutRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner 1763 Words   |  8 Pagesopportunity to reside in the United States of America and pursue the American dream, it is evident that the land of the free and home of the brave emblematizes a meaning which extends greater than the breadth of newfound wealth. In Khaled Hosseini’s novel â€Å"The Kite Runner,† the main character Amir, the son of a wealthy, altruistic, and respected merchant, spends his childhood seeking for acceptance with his father, and through this process, narcissism voraciously ravages Amir’s thoughts leading himRead MorePsychological Theory In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner874 Words   |  4 Pagesnew level of richness to virtually an y story by adding to the complexity of individual characters and their relationships. The psychological theory catalyzes a more intuitive way to find motivations for characters’ actions. In his novel, The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini makes his protagonist, Amir, seem relatable by offering an inside look at the internal struggles Amir faces as he matures amidst the all too real tragedies occurring in Afghanistan after the coup of the monarchy. Amir battles with feelingsRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner881 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel ,The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the main character Amir is a coward. Amir lives in Kabul, Afghanistan. His best friend Hassan lives with him and is his best friend. In reality Amir is Hassan’s owner. Baba adopted Hassan when he was a baby and he became their servant. Amir becomes very jealous of him and then becomes a coward. Amir was so jealous of Hassan that he even wanted a scar,â€Å"I wished I too had a scar that would beget Baba’s sympathy. It wasn’t fair.† (Hosseini, p 50)Read MoreGuilt And Redemption In Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner1585 Words   |  7 Pagessituation, a person has the choice to turn the other way or try and solve the issue. Khaled Hosseini’s novel The Kite Runner explores the subject of guilt and redemption through the character Amir. When faced with the choice between helping a friend and running away, Amir chooses the latter. This decision plagues Amir throughout his entire life as he seeks redemption to ease his regret. In The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, the author uses the journey of Amir to express that in order to be at ease

The Death Of Kitty Genovese - 1493 Words

The reason for this study was due to the death of Kitty Genovese in New York City. She was a young woman who was murdered by Winston Mosley in observance of many spectators who saw the incident from their bedroom windows of an apartment complex. Media went into a frenzy stating that 38 people witnessed the attack but did nothing to assist and did not call law enforcement, however, the story was misconstrued and it was later found that there were significantly less than 38 people observing and at least once person called law enforcement. The Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility study s main goal was to uncover whether the amount of people in emergency situations decreased the speed of reporting due to the†¦show more content†¦The subject would later on in the conversation begin to slur his or her speech and go into a â€Å"seizure.† Although having the subjects in isolation allowed the study to be conducted successfully and created realism for the experiment what was not taken into consideration is that fact that in many emergency situations there are usually others you can speak with in regards to actions that should be taken. In this experiment, the subjects were isolated and unable to communicate with one another. While the subject began his seizure the naà ¯ve subject was unable to gain reassurance in regards to their mental dilemma of helping or continuing with the experiment. There were three group variables, which consisted of a two-person group (the real subject and the subject who would have the â€Å"seizure†). Three-person group (real subject, subject who would have a â€Å"seizure† and a confederate voice) and a size-person group (real subject, subject who would have a â€Å"seizure† and four confederates.) The subjects were given six minutes to respond to the emergency. If the subject did not come out to retrieve the research assistant from the hall the experiment was terminated after six minutes and the subject was debriefed. The main independent variable was theShow MoreRelatedBystander Effect Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesas the Genovese Syndrome, was named after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets of New York in front of thirty-seven witnesses. After studying the Genovese syndrome and doing research on how this phenomenon occurs even today, it is clear The Bystander Effect is not just a theory, but actually fact. It wasn’t until Martin Gansberg wrote the article â€Å"37 Witnesses Who Saw Murder Didn’t Call the Police† in The NewYork Times two weeks after Catherine â€Å"Kitty† GenoveseRead MoreBystander Effect Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pagesas the Genovese Syndrome, was created after the infamous murder of â€Å"Kitty† Catherine Genovese in 1964, on the streets of New York in front of thirty-seven witnesses. After studying the Genovese syndrome and doing research on how this phenomenon occurs today, it is clear The Bystander effect is not theory, but actually fact. It wasn’t until Martin Gansberg wrote the article â€Å"37 Witnesses Who Saw Murder Didn’t Call the Police† in The NewYork Times two weeks after Catherine â€Å"Kitty† Genovese was murderedRead MoreKitty Genovese1549 Words   |  7 PagesJihyun Yun ENG 101. 0795 Professor Kevin Lerner May 29, 2007 Research paper Selfish City’s Life Kitty Genovese was an ordinary woman. One day, she was going home in the early morning. When she arrived in her neighborhood at about 3:15 a.m. and parked her car about 100 feet from her apartments door, she was attacked by someone. She screamed out. Even though her screams were heard by several neighbors, nobody helped her. She was seriously injured, but the witnesses did not believe sheRead MoreEvolution of Social Psychology Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pageswere important, the question still remains of what the most significant event in the history of psychology was. The argument will be given in this paper if a murder was the most significant event in the history of social psychology. The murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964 may have been the event which caused social psychology to be embedded in other subdivisions of psychology and studied by other societal and medical constructs. Her murder over 40 years ago caused social psychology to be used in the studyRead MoreHistory Of Th e Bystander Effect1835 Words   |  8 Pagesviral and what some would call, legendary. This story resulted in a woman denominated as Kitty Genovese being assailed and murdered by Winston Moseley. The reason this situation became so popular was due to the fact that Kitty Genovese was murdered with witnesses nearby. Many wondered how can citizens of America sanction a woman being murdered knowing that she was in desideratum of avail. The Kitty Genovese story influenced social psychologists such as Bibb Latanà © and John Darley to engender a studyRead More Analysis of Carol Tavris In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics1011 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In Groups We Shrink From Loner’s Heroics†. Tavris believes people who are in groups tend to act in a more sluggish manor than those alone. She states many examples of this theory in her article, including the story of Kitty Genovese which is stated in the first paragraph. Kitty was stabbed repeatedly and killed in front of her New York apartment. No one did anything to stop this heinous action from taking place. Within her essay she obtains rhetorical appeals to prove that her statements areRead MoreCruelty, By Stanley Milgram1432 Words   |  6 Pagesand Bibb Latane, two young psychologists decided to create a study based on the Kitty Genovese case. This case was about Catherine Genovese or more commonly knows as Kitty, who was a female manager of a bar and was returning home after her shift at 3 A.M in Queens, New York. She stepped out of her car and noticed a suspiciously looking man in the distance and decided to make a move towards the police call box, sadly Kitty did not make it to box as before she knew it this man stabbed her from behindRead MoreWill You Practice What You Preach? Essay example1493 Words   |  6 Pagesresulting quandary is much more convoluted. The bystander effect is one tale as old as time; however, after the grim fate of Kitty Genovese, this subtle effect was forced into the limelight. Kitty Genovese was a twenty- eight-year-old girl who resided in the Queens of New York City until one dreadful night in 1964 when Winston Moseley brutally stabbed Genovese to death over the course of thirty minutes. Thirty-eight civilians witnessed the assail yet continued on with their nights (BystanderRead MoreWhat Is Responsibility To Act826 Words   |  4 Pages because they know they will not get in legal trouble if the situation goes south for who they are helping. If these laws were in place across the country, there could be a dramatic decrease in deaths in the presence bystanders, because of the comfort given to the spectators. The murder of Kitty Genovese in 1964 is one of the most famous cases regarding the duty to act debate. It gathered an immense amount of attention because of the severity of the murder and the significant number of bystandersRead MoreBystander Effect And Crises : Bystander Effects1625 Words   |  7 Pages Anthony R. Hudgens March 24, 2016 Case Study #4 Bystander Effect and Crises Bystander Effect and Crises A woman by the name of Kitty Genovese was stalked and stabbed to death in an alleyway of Queens, New York, in 1964 (Pugh Henry). It is reported that there were nearly 40 witnesses who heard her screams for help but failed to do so (Colangelo, 2014). Why is it that some individuals tend to shy away from bad situations in which help is clearly needed? Kitty’s murderer, Winston Mosely

Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism Free Essays

string(135) " believed that alienation document by Marx little to do with ownership of the mode of production but was a consequence if bureaucracy\." Karl Marx and Max Weber speak about capitalism and social class. They both agree that modern methods of organization have tremendously increased the effectiveness and efficiency of production. However they both have different concept of theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Karl Marx speaks about Alienation and Critique of Capitalism . Marx argued that this alienation of human work is precisely the defining feature of capitalism. He regards alienation as product of the evolution of division of labor, private property and the state: When these phenomena reach an advanced stage, as in capitalist society the individual experiences the entire objective world as a conglomerate of alien forces standing over and above them. Marx with Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a materialist concept. For Marx the possibility that one may give up ownership of one’s own labor, one’s capacity to transform the world- is tantamount to being alienation from ones own nature; it is a spiritual loss. Marx noted that alienation can only be overcome by revolutionary abolition of the economic system based on private property. In his â€Å"Preface a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy†, Marx had expressed this economic dialectic by saying that it was when â€Å" the materials productive forces of society† came into conflict with â€Å" the existing relations of production† that historical upheavals resulted ( Marx, 1976,page 3. ). Marx critique of capitalism is that it still produce inequality, reduces family relationship, destroys small business, enslaves and reduces all human relations to commercial relations. Marx states that, for the bourgeois man, the wife is reduced to a mere instrument of production. Moreover, once the exploitation of laborer by the manufacturer has finished, then he is set upon, says Marx by other segments of the bourgeoisie the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawn broker in bourgeois society â€Å"capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality (Marx and Engels, 1952, pages 51, 53, 65-70). Marx critique of capitalism was dialectical. He regarded capitalist society as an unprecedented historical advance from centuries of benighted feudalism. In 1848 Karl Marx wrote the Communist manifesto which was a formal statement of the communist party. The history of all Hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles and we find it everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, manifold graduation of social rank, (Cohen and Fermon, 448). Marx believed that throughout the past the great societies of the world have all experienced class struggles in all their internal conflict. Marx felt that the class struggle that exists in illustrated class distinctions in both ancient histories. Marx explained in ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians and slaves; in middle ages, feudal lords, vassals, guide masters, journeymen and apprentices. (Cohen and Fermon, 448). Marx makes this point to show that if a knight fought a slave then it was a class struggle, the oppressor vs. the oppressed. In the term of social class Marx’s theories postulate that the owners or means of production exploit those who produce goods and services, while the working class becomes alienated consumers. Most of it centered upon what has been described as Marx’s oversimplification of the dialectical approach in which history is described as little more than series of conflict between the owning and working classes. Capitalism is the idea of a company or corporation owning and controlling all means bourgeoisie control the socioeconomic system and has the proletariat work under them, if the proletariat wanted change; it was not possible because of how the system was designed. In order to gain a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie must first take complete control of the situation and become distinguished owners in a society. After they own a big and successful corporation they then have workers in which they train and make their workers believe that in order to survive they must work and brainwashing the workers mind, this is all they will know how to do and will teach their children to do the same, therefore letting the main owners continue to remain the main owners of society. Marx understood this struggle between these two classes, he knew this soon would become unacceptable to workers and they would come to realization of the inequity in their society. Max Weber theory of class is that capitalist and the proletarian meet in a market and come into it in different ways as purchaser of labor power and as seller, as someone able to wait, not compelled to buy or sell merely to survive another day that’s the capitalist and as someone who must sell his services today or starve. Therefore Marx two classes, in Weber view are distinguished essentially by their relation to a market and precisely by their bargaining power. Bargaining power is matter of monopoly or lack of it. Weber then analyses class mainly in terms of â€Å"monopoly†. To Max Weber, writing in the early 1900s, Marx’s view was too simple –he agreed that different classes exist but he thought that â€Å"Status† or â€Å"Social Prestige† was the key factor in deciding which group each one of us belongs to. Where we live, our manner of speech, our schooling, our leisure habits, these and many other factors decide our social class. He thought that the way each person thinks about his/her â€Å"Life Chances†- if we feel that we can become a respected and highly valued member of the society, then this is likely to put us in higher social class than some others. Max Weber his studies of rationalization in the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1985) in which he argued that the redefinition of the connection between work and piety in the Protestantism that shifted human effort towards rational efforts aimed by achieving economic gain. He later works, notably his studies on bureaucracy and on the classifications of authority into three types: legitimate, traditional and charismatic. In these works Weber described what he saw as society’s movement toward rationalizations. Weber believed that alienation document by Marx little to do with ownership of the mode of production but was a consequence if bureaucracy. You read "Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism" in category "Essay examples" Antony Giddens in his Introduction to the Protestant Ethic in and the Spirit of capitalism (1985) says Weber’s work can be approached on several levels. It can see as a specific historical thesis, claiming a correlation between Calvinism and entrepreneurial attitudes, or a casual analysis of the influence of Puritanism upon capitalist activity. It can also be viewed as an interpretation of the origins of the key components of modern Western society as a whole. It can also be seem finally as part of an attempt to identify divergent courses in the rationalization of culture. Weber’s view was that religion answered man’s need for a coherent account of his situation. He focused on religion ideology, in particular the Protestant Ethic and how it brought about rationalization of conduct in everyday life. His ideas had unanticipated consequences foe economic development. Weber was concerned with â€Å"the influence of those psychological sanctions which originating in religious belief and practice of religion gave direction to practical conduct and held the individual to it† Karl Marx and Max Weber in Social Class Most societies throughout history and the world have developed a notion of social class. It is refers to hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups within society. How these social classes have been determined has been a common topic among social scientist throughout time. Two individuals who have headed this long standing debate are Karl Marx and Max Weber. In this section we will compare and contrast Marx and Weber’s theories on social class; how they determined, their interest and problems that may exist among groups. Marx first sets up his arguments on class by referring to the historical class struggles. â€Å"Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman in a word, oppressor and oppressed (n, d: 474). He believes society has spilt into two classes know as the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. This is a key point because he defines class by their control over the mode of production. The mode of production refers to the specific organization of economic production in given society. A mode of production includes the means of production o used by society, such as factories, facilities, machines and raw materials. The Bourgeoisie is those in control of the means of production while the Proletariat must sell their labor. This was referred to as the market exchange value and was reflected in wages. The Bourgeoisie in this society tries to extract as much surplus value as to keep them alive and productive. This capitalist mode of production was the basic of class struggle. The worker or Proletariat approaches work as a mean of survival and not personal satisfaction because the products of labor no longer belong to him. â€Å"Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of laborers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers. They are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over looker and above all the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself (Marx: 479). † With the growth of industrialization the specialized skills of individuals are no longer useful all of those who do not own a means of production are forced into the Proletariat class. Competition between these workers allows wages to fluctuate often and working conditions worsen. To better these situations the Proletariat form trade unions to keep up rate ages. He believes humans meet their needs of existence by using labor as a sense of wee being. In this capitalistic system of private ownership the workers are robbed of their self worth and identity. The worker is estranged from the products he creates which will lead to revolution. This idea of revolution is where the objective and subjective interests of class’s interests may be objectively determined. An outsider observer should be able to determine a course of action for someone within that class. In the case of the proletariat it is in their objective interest to revolt. The reason for this is that most of the individuals within this class group want better conditions of life and work. They want better job security, improved wages and inexpensive consumer goods. The only way to achieve this goal would be revolt, forcing things to change. The problem lies within their subjective class interests which are on a more personal level. The members of the working class believe the bourgeoisie is acting in their best interests and to achieve financial well being they just need to continue to work hard, competing with one another. Some positives of Marx argument is the idea of class exploitation. He believes that proletariat should revolt due to the goals of the bourgeoisie. He refers to this struggle as the oppressed and the oppressor. This common historical theme of the oppressed and oppressor is covered thoroughly in his argument and he uses a good economical model to show this struggle. In this case it is the working class versus the owners. This type of societal dynamic can be mapped out in most societies. It can be the parent versus the child, boss versus worker, coach versus player, teacher versus student or any other situation in which one may feel oppressed by another. A Marx idea of class interest is a good basis of social protest and provides the ability to fight exploitation. An obvious negative part of his argument is the simplistic idea of class. He places everyone within two categories and this isn’t so easy. There is an example of the person who runs the factory in which the working class provides labor for. This supervisor can be seen as a member of the working class but does not participate in such manual labor and have such harsh working conditions and is paid more. On the other hand Max Weber had a problem with Marx’s simplistic view if social class distinctions. He believed that more factors went into determining ones social class along with there being more than two classes. Weber states â€Å"The way in which social honor is distributed in a community we may call the social order† (n. d. :181). This social honor is made up classes, status groups and parties. Power may also be derived from prestige or property but do not always run hand in hand. Rich people tend to be more powerful than poor people as well as being held in high regard more often. Property may bring prestige but it an also come from athletic or intellectual ability. Karl Marx and Max Weber in Capitalism Karl Marx and Max Weber, both born in 19th century and after comparing their sayings and way each one was thinking and analyzed the case of capitalism in societies an affair that still remains a main condition nowadays. Sociology stands through the years on what important persons (Weber and Marx) said in the past and most of others’ ideas are builded that o capitalism and industry, which is still relevant and linked somehow to capitalism. As we all may have realized in modern society through experience and facts, routine is something that we get used to it from the early years of our existence and routine is what we actually repeat like a music, either weekly or yearly or it might be even more frequently (e. g. daily). In such a period of time, our programmed is full of work, duties, responsibilities, leisure activities and many other tasks that could give as a living, a living which needs a bit everything in order to survive. During our lives (which are bombed daily from useless information) through the past years decades years, â€Å"we† (on behalf of our ancestors) changed that way we view, the way we face, we acknowledge, we define and accept the reality in the way it is. Having an income just for living is not our main goal but it is just one of those many targets we have, probably for a promise to help our families to help our families but still not the main one. In the past, many decades ago, having your home fully or somewhat with just the appropriate furniture could give you a prestige that meant something for the rest of the people in the whole society. Ti could integrate you in a higher social class and make you more acceptable from an larger scale â€Å"audience†. In the modern society social class changed criteria while now a person who is not working is faced off as an insignificant human being. Unfortunately this happens again even if a person works, but his or her job is not a â€Å"chic† one, like a top manager etc. Life aims to easy entertainment buying things etc, as consumption is the â€Å"central role† of life; and because of that people want to buy and use their available time not only for working but also for having a â€Å"personal ife† which everybody has and deserves, society started working more â€Å"in ordered to be to afford to buy goods, services, ideas etc†. This need of everyone who wants to work (for his or her own personal reasons each one), brought to the industrial society the concern of capitalism. Working environments changed as human and natural collapsed. Capitalism is the new â€Å"fashion† of every single developed modern society. Capitalism is the field of battle of social classes, the reason of which people with economic case, â€Å"rich† people getting richer and poor, poorer. People with money started giving job opportunities to people with less money and want to work, to people who appreciate life and its advantages and want to live it with pride, respectability and honorableness. In that way,† rich† people where (they are still) using the elbow grease of others in order to earn more money and others where taking just a little income to survive with their families. Here, the two important persons mentioned before, two worldwide know sociologists of 19th century come to give their personal perspective on the fact of capitalism. Max Weber believes that capitalism is not a significant problem and do not reprehend it as Karl Marx. Weber believed that capitalist development â€Å"depended on the systematic application of impersonal rules and regulations in the pursuit of people with money, lead them in the inhuman laws of work which wanted people working (in the past and modern society) in sweatshops for a piece of bread and â€Å"mangers† (they) or people owing the machinery and all required things needed, sitting and waiting for their own income against poor people’s elbow grease. In that sense, Karl Marx theory is quite similar with Weber’s. As mentioned before, Karl Marx believed stronger than Weber that capitalism it was a problem with high significance. He believed that when capitalism occurs, social classes are somehow mixed up and a disparity of them appears in society. He faced in part capitalism with emotional way, trying to give to the workers hope and certitude. Exploitation of workers was the biggest effect of capitalism and as capitalism was continuing exploitation would not only follow but being increased. Weber’s thesis was supporting the opinion that while capitalism continues, capitalists would benefit more (earnings) but workers wouldn’t earn ever more than what they need to reach the survival level. These cause workers to loose their personality. Capitalism is cause of this case. It’s the main issue and many sociologists tend to analyze it such persons were Marx and Weber How to cite Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism, Essay examples

Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism Free Essays

string(135) " believed that alienation document by Marx little to do with ownership of the mode of production but was a consequence if bureaucracy\." Karl Marx and Max Weber speak about capitalism and social class. They both agree that modern methods of organization have tremendously increased the effectiveness and efficiency of production. However they both have different concept of theories. We will write a custom essay sample on Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Karl Marx speaks about Alienation and Critique of Capitalism . Marx argued that this alienation of human work is precisely the defining feature of capitalism. He regards alienation as product of the evolution of division of labor, private property and the state: When these phenomena reach an advanced stage, as in capitalist society the individual experiences the entire objective world as a conglomerate of alien forces standing over and above them. Marx with Hegelian notion of alienation but developed a materialist concept. For Marx the possibility that one may give up ownership of one’s own labor, one’s capacity to transform the world- is tantamount to being alienation from ones own nature; it is a spiritual loss. Marx noted that alienation can only be overcome by revolutionary abolition of the economic system based on private property. In his â€Å"Preface a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy†, Marx had expressed this economic dialectic by saying that it was when â€Å" the materials productive forces of society† came into conflict with â€Å" the existing relations of production† that historical upheavals resulted ( Marx, 1976,page 3. ). Marx critique of capitalism is that it still produce inequality, reduces family relationship, destroys small business, enslaves and reduces all human relations to commercial relations. Marx states that, for the bourgeois man, the wife is reduced to a mere instrument of production. Moreover, once the exploitation of laborer by the manufacturer has finished, then he is set upon, says Marx by other segments of the bourgeoisie the landlord, the shopkeeper, the pawn broker in bourgeois society â€Å"capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality (Marx and Engels, 1952, pages 51, 53, 65-70). Marx critique of capitalism was dialectical. He regarded capitalist society as an unprecedented historical advance from centuries of benighted feudalism. In 1848 Karl Marx wrote the Communist manifesto which was a formal statement of the communist party. The history of all Hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles and we find it everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various orders, manifold graduation of social rank, (Cohen and Fermon, 448). Marx believed that throughout the past the great societies of the world have all experienced class struggles in all their internal conflict. Marx felt that the class struggle that exists in illustrated class distinctions in both ancient histories. Marx explained in ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians and slaves; in middle ages, feudal lords, vassals, guide masters, journeymen and apprentices. (Cohen and Fermon, 448). Marx makes this point to show that if a knight fought a slave then it was a class struggle, the oppressor vs. the oppressed. In the term of social class Marx’s theories postulate that the owners or means of production exploit those who produce goods and services, while the working class becomes alienated consumers. Most of it centered upon what has been described as Marx’s oversimplification of the dialectical approach in which history is described as little more than series of conflict between the owning and working classes. Capitalism is the idea of a company or corporation owning and controlling all means bourgeoisie control the socioeconomic system and has the proletariat work under them, if the proletariat wanted change; it was not possible because of how the system was designed. In order to gain a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie must first take complete control of the situation and become distinguished owners in a society. After they own a big and successful corporation they then have workers in which they train and make their workers believe that in order to survive they must work and brainwashing the workers mind, this is all they will know how to do and will teach their children to do the same, therefore letting the main owners continue to remain the main owners of society. Marx understood this struggle between these two classes, he knew this soon would become unacceptable to workers and they would come to realization of the inequity in their society. Max Weber theory of class is that capitalist and the proletarian meet in a market and come into it in different ways as purchaser of labor power and as seller, as someone able to wait, not compelled to buy or sell merely to survive another day that’s the capitalist and as someone who must sell his services today or starve. Therefore Marx two classes, in Weber view are distinguished essentially by their relation to a market and precisely by their bargaining power. Bargaining power is matter of monopoly or lack of it. Weber then analyses class mainly in terms of â€Å"monopoly†. To Max Weber, writing in the early 1900s, Marx’s view was too simple –he agreed that different classes exist but he thought that â€Å"Status† or â€Å"Social Prestige† was the key factor in deciding which group each one of us belongs to. Where we live, our manner of speech, our schooling, our leisure habits, these and many other factors decide our social class. He thought that the way each person thinks about his/her â€Å"Life Chances†- if we feel that we can become a respected and highly valued member of the society, then this is likely to put us in higher social class than some others. Max Weber his studies of rationalization in the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1985) in which he argued that the redefinition of the connection between work and piety in the Protestantism that shifted human effort towards rational efforts aimed by achieving economic gain. He later works, notably his studies on bureaucracy and on the classifications of authority into three types: legitimate, traditional and charismatic. In these works Weber described what he saw as society’s movement toward rationalizations. Weber believed that alienation document by Marx little to do with ownership of the mode of production but was a consequence if bureaucracy. You read "Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism" in category "Essay examples" Antony Giddens in his Introduction to the Protestant Ethic in and the Spirit of capitalism (1985) says Weber’s work can be approached on several levels. It can see as a specific historical thesis, claiming a correlation between Calvinism and entrepreneurial attitudes, or a casual analysis of the influence of Puritanism upon capitalist activity. It can also be viewed as an interpretation of the origins of the key components of modern Western society as a whole. It can also be seem finally as part of an attempt to identify divergent courses in the rationalization of culture. Weber’s view was that religion answered man’s need for a coherent account of his situation. He focused on religion ideology, in particular the Protestant Ethic and how it brought about rationalization of conduct in everyday life. His ideas had unanticipated consequences foe economic development. Weber was concerned with â€Å"the influence of those psychological sanctions which originating in religious belief and practice of religion gave direction to practical conduct and held the individual to it† Karl Marx and Max Weber in Social Class Most societies throughout history and the world have developed a notion of social class. It is refers to hierarchical distinctions between individuals or groups within society. How these social classes have been determined has been a common topic among social scientist throughout time. Two individuals who have headed this long standing debate are Karl Marx and Max Weber. In this section we will compare and contrast Marx and Weber’s theories on social class; how they determined, their interest and problems that may exist among groups. Marx first sets up his arguments on class by referring to the historical class struggles. â€Å"Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman in a word, oppressor and oppressed (n, d: 474). He believes society has spilt into two classes know as the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. This is a key point because he defines class by their control over the mode of production. The mode of production refers to the specific organization of economic production in given society. A mode of production includes the means of production o used by society, such as factories, facilities, machines and raw materials. The Bourgeoisie is those in control of the means of production while the Proletariat must sell their labor. This was referred to as the market exchange value and was reflected in wages. The Bourgeoisie in this society tries to extract as much surplus value as to keep them alive and productive. This capitalist mode of production was the basic of class struggle. The worker or Proletariat approaches work as a mean of survival and not personal satisfaction because the products of labor no longer belong to him. â€Å"Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of laborers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers. They are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over looker and above all the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself (Marx: 479). † With the growth of industrialization the specialized skills of individuals are no longer useful all of those who do not own a means of production are forced into the Proletariat class. Competition between these workers allows wages to fluctuate often and working conditions worsen. To better these situations the Proletariat form trade unions to keep up rate ages. He believes humans meet their needs of existence by using labor as a sense of wee being. In this capitalistic system of private ownership the workers are robbed of their self worth and identity. The worker is estranged from the products he creates which will lead to revolution. This idea of revolution is where the objective and subjective interests of class’s interests may be objectively determined. An outsider observer should be able to determine a course of action for someone within that class. In the case of the proletariat it is in their objective interest to revolt. The reason for this is that most of the individuals within this class group want better conditions of life and work. They want better job security, improved wages and inexpensive consumer goods. The only way to achieve this goal would be revolt, forcing things to change. The problem lies within their subjective class interests which are on a more personal level. The members of the working class believe the bourgeoisie is acting in their best interests and to achieve financial well being they just need to continue to work hard, competing with one another. Some positives of Marx argument is the idea of class exploitation. He believes that proletariat should revolt due to the goals of the bourgeoisie. He refers to this struggle as the oppressed and the oppressor. This common historical theme of the oppressed and oppressor is covered thoroughly in his argument and he uses a good economical model to show this struggle. In this case it is the working class versus the owners. This type of societal dynamic can be mapped out in most societies. It can be the parent versus the child, boss versus worker, coach versus player, teacher versus student or any other situation in which one may feel oppressed by another. A Marx idea of class interest is a good basis of social protest and provides the ability to fight exploitation. An obvious negative part of his argument is the simplistic idea of class. He places everyone within two categories and this isn’t so easy. There is an example of the person who runs the factory in which the working class provides labor for. This supervisor can be seen as a member of the working class but does not participate in such manual labor and have such harsh working conditions and is paid more. On the other hand Max Weber had a problem with Marx’s simplistic view if social class distinctions. He believed that more factors went into determining ones social class along with there being more than two classes. Weber states â€Å"The way in which social honor is distributed in a community we may call the social order† (n. d. :181). This social honor is made up classes, status groups and parties. Power may also be derived from prestige or property but do not always run hand in hand. Rich people tend to be more powerful than poor people as well as being held in high regard more often. Property may bring prestige but it an also come from athletic or intellectual ability. Karl Marx and Max Weber in Capitalism Karl Marx and Max Weber, both born in 19th century and after comparing their sayings and way each one was thinking and analyzed the case of capitalism in societies an affair that still remains a main condition nowadays. Sociology stands through the years on what important persons (Weber and Marx) said in the past and most of others’ ideas are builded that o capitalism and industry, which is still relevant and linked somehow to capitalism. As we all may have realized in modern society through experience and facts, routine is something that we get used to it from the early years of our existence and routine is what we actually repeat like a music, either weekly or yearly or it might be even more frequently (e. g. daily). In such a period of time, our programmed is full of work, duties, responsibilities, leisure activities and many other tasks that could give as a living, a living which needs a bit everything in order to survive. During our lives (which are bombed daily from useless information) through the past years decades years, â€Å"we† (on behalf of our ancestors) changed that way we view, the way we face, we acknowledge, we define and accept the reality in the way it is. Having an income just for living is not our main goal but it is just one of those many targets we have, probably for a promise to help our families to help our families but still not the main one. In the past, many decades ago, having your home fully or somewhat with just the appropriate furniture could give you a prestige that meant something for the rest of the people in the whole society. Ti could integrate you in a higher social class and make you more acceptable from an larger scale â€Å"audience†. In the modern society social class changed criteria while now a person who is not working is faced off as an insignificant human being. Unfortunately this happens again even if a person works, but his or her job is not a â€Å"chic† one, like a top manager etc. Life aims to easy entertainment buying things etc, as consumption is the â€Å"central role† of life; and because of that people want to buy and use their available time not only for working but also for having a â€Å"personal ife† which everybody has and deserves, society started working more â€Å"in ordered to be to afford to buy goods, services, ideas etc†. This need of everyone who wants to work (for his or her own personal reasons each one), brought to the industrial society the concern of capitalism. Working environments changed as human and natural collapsed. Capitalism is the new â€Å"fashion† of every single developed modern society. Capitalism is the field of battle of social classes, the reason of which people with economic case, â€Å"rich† people getting richer and poor, poorer. People with money started giving job opportunities to people with less money and want to work, to people who appreciate life and its advantages and want to live it with pride, respectability and honorableness. In that way,† rich† people where (they are still) using the elbow grease of others in order to earn more money and others where taking just a little income to survive with their families. Here, the two important persons mentioned before, two worldwide know sociologists of 19th century come to give their personal perspective on the fact of capitalism. Max Weber believes that capitalism is not a significant problem and do not reprehend it as Karl Marx. Weber believed that capitalist development â€Å"depended on the systematic application of impersonal rules and regulations in the pursuit of people with money, lead them in the inhuman laws of work which wanted people working (in the past and modern society) in sweatshops for a piece of bread and â€Å"mangers† (they) or people owing the machinery and all required things needed, sitting and waiting for their own income against poor people’s elbow grease. In that sense, Karl Marx theory is quite similar with Weber’s. As mentioned before, Karl Marx believed stronger than Weber that capitalism it was a problem with high significance. He believed that when capitalism occurs, social classes are somehow mixed up and a disparity of them appears in society. He faced in part capitalism with emotional way, trying to give to the workers hope and certitude. Exploitation of workers was the biggest effect of capitalism and as capitalism was continuing exploitation would not only follow but being increased. Weber’s thesis was supporting the opinion that while capitalism continues, capitalists would benefit more (earnings) but workers wouldn’t earn ever more than what they need to reach the survival level. These cause workers to loose their personality. Capitalism is cause of this case. It’s the main issue and many sociologists tend to analyze it such persons were Marx and Weber How to cite Karl Marx and Max Weber Different Views on Capitialism, Essay examples

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Introduction The issue of farmers shifting to the organic means of farming raises questions in terms of whether there will be an increase in the supply of food in the whole world. Therefore, this work tries to solve the question by considering the advantages of using the organic means of farming in relation to the convention means of farming. In addition, the paper covers some of the shortcomings of the organic means of farming in details.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Large-Scale Organic Farming and Food Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has also considered the role of the organic way of farming, in as far as the issue of environmental sustainability with relation to stable supply of enough food to the population, is concerned. The world food supply has been one of the main issues that everyone is extremely worried about, especially with the great impacts of global warming, which is affecting food sec urity. This aspect holds because many different parts of the world are experiencing hunger. Parties shove blame to each other. However, the question that remains in the mind of many people is whether the world can be able to achieve a sustainable environment as well as maintain a stable supply of enough food to the population. One of the millennium development goals is to ensure environmental sustainability. The achievement of this goal is through sustainable development. Sustainable development refers to the form of development that perfectly caters for the needs of all the current generations, while ensuring that the future generation’s ability to cater for their needs is not compromised in any manner (Thomas 272). Development in itself entails the process of social, economic, and environmental development because development revolves around these three factors. This means that, the principles of development are defined, in the three components, to achieve the balance, whic h is sustainable development. In addition, the measure of the three factors as the indicators shows the level of sustainability. The problems in the three systems are usually related, and that means their solutions too are related (Thomas 285). The issue of environmental sustainability comes up due to the emerging ways of farming like the great shift of the farmers to the use of organic methods of farming. In whatever man does with the environment, it is particularly crucial to ensure its sustainability, since the environment can do without man, but man cannot do without the environment. Large-scale shift to organic farming is not the way to increase world food supply. This statement has been particularly controversial, as far as issues of the environment, are concerned.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Is a large-scale shift to organic farming the best way to increase world food sup ply? Ways used in organic farming include the following; recycling of the crop waste as well as the animal manures, crop rotation, right time and soil cultivation, use of legumes waste and green manure and mulching on the entire soil surface (Francis 244). Currently, due to the emerging issues of food scarcity, many farmers devised means and ways to increase their farms productivity. One of the most favourable ways to the farmers in terms of the cost is the use of organic agricultural ways of farming, which has a decidedly strong potential to increase the soil value and not necessarily the agricultural productivity (Thomas 282). In actual sense, the use of the organic agricultural method is one of the means by which most parts of the world are achieving sustainable supply of food as well as environmental sustainability. However, other effects are involved. It is one of the methods if combined with the conventional methods is known to cause biological poisoning through a process call ed bioaccumulation and bio concentration. This method is whereby these organic chemicals accumulates in the soil or the environment, like the air, and then the first organism takes them in a given food chain before getting to the bodies of human beings, in a poisonous form. An example is the use of fertilizers in a farm to grow crops (Lotter 39). This technology causes chemical deposits in the rivers or seas due to runoffs. Then the fish in the waters accumulates the chemicals in their body, and eventually human beings consume the fish containing the chemical deposits causing harmful effects, like cancers, in their body. Organic farming entails the use of manure, pest control through biological means, and the use of pesticides approved organically. It does not involve the use of any synthetic chemicals or fertilizers. It is one of the best ways to upgrade the health of the soil, health of the people, as well as the ecosystem (Thomas 287). This aspect stands because it only involves ecological processes, cycles and biodiversity that are remarkably adapted to the entire locally existing conditions. However, it combines some innovative efforts, traditional methods as well as the scientific methods for it to be successful in terms of environmental sustainability and food production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Large-Scale Organic Farming and Food Supply specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this method has been found limiting, in terms of food productivity, because of the claims aired that; it is not a reliable method to achieve an increase in farm productivity. The use of green manure for instance adds value to the soil. However, the method does not cater for the issues of pests (Francis 236). Pests like the locusts could raid the crops and this means that, the crops will grow exceptionally well, but up to a certain age of their growth there. In such circumstances, failure to use synt hetic pesticides affects the production. Therefore, as much as it is exceptionally beneficial in terms of the soil improvement, it is not necessarily the best method to increase the farm’s productivity. Organic method of farming is one of the methods approved as an economic method of farming because it entails the use of locally available manure or even the sewage to cultivate (Francis 250). It does not entail the use of commercially attained chemical fertilizers, insecticides, and pesticides. Another aspect that increases its popularity is the fact that, when used well, it hardly causes any water pollution, hence boosting the efforts of the environmentalist of achieving environmental sustainability through the control of pollution, as well as the achievement of agro-biodiversity. Organic method of farming causes some effects to the health of the human beings. This happens in cases where the fertilizer in use is the sewage. Sewage harbours a sizeable number of microorganisms, which are extremely lethal to the health of the human beings (Halberg 309). For examples, the plants that have been feeding on the fertilizer may take some of these microorganisms up. Then on harvest, some of these crops like the vegetables or fruits are eater raw. On consumption, the consumer falls sick due to the acquisition of these microorganisms. Some of them are known to be thermophillic in that, they need a strong deal of heat for them to be destroyed, so for vegetables that are not cooked thoroughly to preserve nutrients, may contain these microorganisms (Halberg 309). Examples of such organisms are the tapeworms, round worms and the E. coli among others.Advertising Looking for essay on agriculture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The issue of feeding the population does not just involve filling up the stomach. The issue of the nutritional value of what one is feeding on is of paramount importance. Most people believe that the use of the organic method of farming which of course produces organic foods is healthier than the foods produced through conventional method of farming. However, scientific research proved that the organic fruits, as well as the vegetables, contain exceedingly few agrochemical particles than their counter part of conventional means (Francis 240). Therefore, if the population tend to go for the organic means in comparison to the convention farming may mean that the population will suffer in terms of some nutrients deficiency. Such a circumstance means that the population will be fed and at a less cost, but with less nutritional valued food. This means that, the organic means of farming is advantageous in one way or another. Another crucial factor, which makes the organic means of farming unusually favourable, is the fact that it entails an integrated interaction of water, minerals, soil, micro flora, animals, insects, and human beings. It leads to a great deal of production and at the same time achieves environmental sustainability in the form of conservation of the soil (Lotter 34). This method also involves human resources are locally achieved meaning that, there is no need for anyone to go for any training to achieve satisfactory results. In addition, the method leaves room for crops rotation. Organic method, in comparison to the conventional methods, yields less production of the crops because, in the conventional methods, there is the application of the synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and other chemical, which are known to boost the productivity of the farm. However, this conventional method of farming causes significant environmental damage, as well as the health damage. For instance, the use of the synthetic fertilizers in farming is one of the greatest causes of cancers in the human beings. This happens when there is the issue of bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the plants, then consumed by the human beings later (Halberg 308). In addition, the issue of environmental damage comes in place when the chemicals used, due to some of their residues, cause harm to the soil meaning that its productivity is minimised. This harm is because of some of the most notable microorganisms in the soil, which aids in soil fertility. In addition, due to the issue of leaching, the ground water is contaminated which later affects the health of man (Paul 119). Another manner, in which this causes environmental damage, is through the sprayed fertilizers. Some of these aerosols get to the environment. These chemicals, some of them are significant participants to global warming through the green house effect. Organic farming entails the use of other ways to prevent diseases, weeds, and pests instead of using inorganic chemicals. The follo wing are the ways used in organic farming; use of crop resistant, crop rotation, appropriate cultivation practices, good crop choice and planning, use of predators that eat the pests, use of natural pesticides and increasing use of genetic diversity (Halberg 310). Organic farming does not necessarily mean use of tradition ways of farming. It uses some of the best traditional ways of farming in combination with the modern ways of farming. Farmers use all the materials, techniques, and knowledge availed by nature to improve the productivity of the farms. In most cases, organic farmers ensure they only keep the pests, insects, and weeds at a controllable rate to reap the full benefit provided by them (Halberg 308). This method improves productivity in that it entails a combination of more than one technique, which is not harmful to the environmental or human health. For example, careful cultivation in combination with the use of green manure, leads to high productivity. Organic farming increases food production in that it leads to â€Å"long-term fertility of the soil and ensures control of diseases and pest without inflicting harm to the environment† (Thomas 270). It avoids water pollution, involves the use of the resources readily available to the farmer, hence the farmer does not use great resources, and leads to the production of nutritious foods both for human beings and animals. On the other hand, conventional farming, which entails modern and intensive agriculture, leads to extreme problems. The following are the main challenges: the use of artificial fertilizers causes low organic content matter in the soil easily eroded by the rain and wind (Paul 117). It leads to serious dependency on artificial and purchased fertilizers. Consequently, the cost of production is high. This means that, even if the production is high, cost of production too is high meaning that, in actual sense, the food production is not increased. The emerging issue of most farmer s shifting to the organic means of farming does not necessary mean that food production increases. However, it is supremely evident that this method of farming known to yield other advantages like cost effectiveness in food production because this organic manure is readily available and even if purchased, it will not cost much. It controls of soil pollution as well as maintaining the nutritional value of the soil because these manures do not contain any synthetic chemicals harmful to the environment (Paul 115). In addition, by these means, the quality of food produced improves the flavour, the taste, and some essential nutrients. However, it is one of the methods if combined with the conventional methods is known to cause biological poisoning through a process called bioaccumulation and bio concentration. This aspect occurs whereby these organic chemicals accumulate in the soil or the environment, like the air, and then the first organism takes them in a certain food chain, before g etting to the bodies of the human beings, in a poisonous form. An outstanding example is the uses of the fertilizers in a farm to grow crops. Then, due to runoffs, the chemicals deposited in the rivers or the seas affect the health of people. Conclusion Through evidence-based research, report shows that organic farming does not increase the world food supply. It is a favourable means of farming because of its ability to preserve the environment and produce nutritious food (Lotter 40). It is also the best way to eradicate hunger, but it is not the way to increase food production. This aspect is due to some of the techniques used not only to preserve the soil, but also to enable the arid areas accommodate farming using crop resistance. Another argument is by the Nobel Peace Price winner and plant breed, Mr. Borlaug Norman, in the year 2002, that organic farming causes starvation because it entails utilization of a large portion of land to produce, as much as conventional ways of farmi ng utilizes, yet the production is less (Lotter 35). He further argued that the greatest human catastrophe in the future is not global warming, but the shift to organic farming. His reason being that organic farming instead decreases production yet the world population of growing at an alarming rate. This argument gets backing from the US, which shows that some methods of organic farming can produce as much as conventional methods (Paul 111). The research showed that low production in the use of organic farming happens during the first years of farming because the farm’s soil is still absorbing the nutrients, which takes much time as compared to the use of synthetic fertilizers. A research shows that organic farming is best suitable for the developing countries because it is suitable for their ecological settings (Lotter 29). Most of the countries are arid and semiarid, and farmers should prevent loss of moisture hence ensuring the crops do not dry up. The emphases on the use of cover crops, manure, compost and increase in organic matter help, in water retention. By doing that, they countries will increase their yield, and as a result, they will be able to feed their large population. Works Cited Francis, Charles. Organic Farming: The Ecological System. Canada: ASA-CSSA-SSSA, 2009. Print. Halberg, Niels. Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects. New York: CABI, 2006. Print. Lotter, Don. â€Å"Organic Agriculture.† Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 21.4 (2003): 29-40. Print. Paul, John. â€Å"The Uptake of Organic Agriculture: A Decade of Worldwide Development.† Journal of Social and Development Sciences 2.3 (2011): 111-120. Print. Thomas, Easton. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Environmental Issues Expanded. London: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009. Print. This essay on Large-Scale Organic Farming and Food Supply was written and submitted by user D0ct0rSpectrum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Large Modern cosmology Different communities hold different views about the initiation of the universe.  The ancestors explained the  universe  using various unsubstantiated myths and misconceptions based on their everyday observations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Large-scale universe to Milky Way specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Biblical view  embrace  nature while cosmologists put it that the universe begun by an  explosion  called Big Bang. Modern cosmology gained popularity around 1918 following the discoveries of Robert Einstein as it pertains to relativity theory. Previously it was thought that the earth was unchanging and remained as it were before. The scientists held a debate in the US to discuss the structure of the cosmos. The advent of the modern cosmology  is based  on extensive evidence supported by full observations and theories. â€Å"The cosmology of today attempt to explain the commencement, the  current  state  and eventual  end  of the universe† (Scott 2003). The modern cosmology can explicitly  explain  the Big Bang Theory using the greatest  particle  smasher. It explains how  different  galaxies erupted when the  universe  came into being like the Milky Way. The big bang theory There are moments when the universe was not there and the time when it came into being. The Big Bang Theory explains all the scenarios which took place during that time span. The universe erupted from one  minute  substance. This took place fourteen years ago. The  grain  had extremely high pressure, density and  intensity. Ideally the source of this  singular  thing  is not known. It reached a time when it expanded and finally cooled down thus present circumstances. It is presently controlled and gigantic in size.  This  theory  is  surrounded  by some myths. Some people claim that the  tiny  feature  blasted like a bomb blast. The best experiment so far was performed in Geneva support the Big Bang Theory.  It is the greatest experiment which used massive particles smasher and branded the world’s  dominant  experiment. This giant smasher gave an insight to  many scientists. It involved two streams of particles travelling at astonishingly high  speed  towards each other. The  speed  was  commensurate to that of light; furthermore, there was an unusually high temperature in the  tunnel. The protons colliding at elevated energies gave an insight on the atoms and forces which could  answer  the origin of the universe (Bivek 2010). This enabled the atoms to  melt  into a unique form. They could not take diverse variety of matter. The Milky Way One form of the galaxy, which houses the solar system plus other  numerous  stars,  is estimated  at three billion. The Milky Way compromises of planets together with their stars. This  group  is  vast  and estimated at approximately 900 billion solar masses.Advertising Looking for essay on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is the most  enormous  galaxy; however, specie of the  galaxy  called Andromeda is also  immense. It is the  group  of the stream of light that  streak  out on the sky at night. A shadow may be formed when viewed from  quite  dark places. The hub of the Milky Way is  exceedingly  bright thus is usually called the Scorpius area. There are two bright stars towards the right where the dark valley lies. These stars are called  Beta and Alpha. The Lyra and the Vega are to the left of the structure. It consists of a  base region  usually surrounded by a  mass  of stars, gaseous and solid particles. The whole structure is a four armed  structure  spiraling out in a logarithmic nature. The distribution of mass is closely related thus forming  loose  arms. Refere nces Bivek S. (2010). Big Bang experiment successful. NDTV Web. Scott D. (2003). Modern cosmology. California: Elsevier. This essay on Large-scale universe to Milky Way was written and submitted by user Tristen F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Plastic Surgery and Effect On Society †Essay

Plastic Surgery and Effect On Society – Essay Free Online Research Papers Plastic Surgery and Effect On Society Essay In her essay â€Å"Cosmetic surgery: Paying for your beauty,† Debra Gimlin concludes that â€Å"women who undergo plastic surgery help to reproduce some of the worst aspects of the beauty culture, not so much through the act of surgery itself as through their ideological efforts to restore appearance as an indicator of character† (Gimlin, 107). I believe that women, who decide upon plastic surgery, have a stronger character than those who stay unhappy with their appearance, although it is obvious to me that women who do get plastic surgery will most likely fight a constant battle with society. Throughout this paper I will be proving my thesis along with discussing what Gimlin means by the above quote. I will compare Gimlin’s essay to Lisa Carver’s article â€Å"Surrender the Pink,† in terms of whether or not the vagina is also an indicator of character, along with discussing the complicating factors that such a comparison between the types of surgery Gimlin discusses and the types Carver discusses. In Gimlin’s essay she points out a group of women who seem to believe that their culture is judging their outer appearances. These women responded to the judgment, with plastic surgery. It was clear that the women interviewed by Gimlin all had plastic surgery to correct a perceived flaw, and not to please anyone else. In the quote used in the before paragraph, Gimlin seems to be critical, not of the women who get plastic surgery, but of our culture that emphasizes what a beautiful person is. I believe what Gimlin means by â€Å"appearance as an indicator of character† (107) is that this is what she believes women use to judge themselves. Instead of looking at their values and beliefs, they think that others focus on their appearance above and before their character. She is saying that women who give in to plastic surgery to correct a self perceived abnormality are allowing our society to judge them based on super models on magazine covers or billboards. These women are forgetting that appearance is not an indicator of character, but that their character might be questioned after undergoing plastic surgery. Gimlin states, â€Å"Simply put, if plastic surgery were a successful method for constructing identity, these women would argue that the surgically altered body†¦ rather than body work that has proved unsuccessful at shaping the body or establishing the self†¦ serves to symbolize identity† (Gimlin, 106). This quote is very similar to the above quote. It is easier for w omen to connect their identity to a surgically altered body, than a body, which will not look how they want it to, no matter how much work they put into it. Although in the quote, I am also given the feeling that women who have had plastic surgery still cannot completely connect their identity to their new body. I believe that women need to learn to love themselves on the inside, before they change their outside. If they do not love themselves before the surgery, chances are they will not feel complete after the surgery. Women want to feel that they can identify themselves as being beautiful, and by turning to plastic surgery after much hard work has not paid off, they can feel better about themselves. Carver’s essay focuses exclusively on vaginal cosmetic surgery, and how women feel about their own genitals. â€Å"My vagina is like an emotion†¦ something other can see and judge, but that I can’t really look at clearly† (Carver, 1). I believe that female genitals are a more sensitive subject to most women that other parts of the body. What Carver is saying is that women have insecurities about almost every part of their bodies, but when it comes to their vagina the fears are much bigger. This is because the vagina is not seen everyday, only you get to choose who can look at it and every women wants to feel normal. Since these women do not know what normal is, except from what they have seen in Playboy, many women feel insecure about their genitals. In Gimlin’s essay the women tried to make it clear that they didn’t necessarily feel judged by others about their appearance flaw, but they judged themselves in Carver’s essay it is ma de clear that women’s genitals are being judged both by themselves and by others. Carver says, â€Å"Do some people go around saying these things about vaginas? (I checked in with my male friend afterwards, and discovered that indeed, terms like ‘roast beef sandwich’ or ‘the hanging garden’ are used by certain men to describe long lips)† (Carver, 2). I do not believe that the vagina is an indicator of character, just as I do not believe that other body parts are indicators of character, but it is easy to see from the quote above, why women might be insecure about their genitals, when some men make rude comments about them. A person’s character does not come from any body part, it comes from their inner feelings, emotions, and beliefs. Since Carver described her vagina as an emotion, one might argue that it does stand for character. But to me, Carver means that women have definite emotions around their vaginas, and if they look â₠¬Å"normal† in societies standards. In one of Gimlin’s interviews that she documented in her essay, a woman named Ann Marie says that just because she turned to plastic surgery, it does not mean she is a bad and/or vain person. To her, she did not want her personal character to be judged upon her decision to get plastic surgery. In her case she worked hard to keep her body looking young, and when the skin on her face would not tighten, but the rest of her body looked as good as it did thirty years before, she got a facelift. This made her feel better about her outer appearance. When you compare this case to a case of vaginal plastic surgery in Carver’s essay, the women seem to have similar views on what is a good reason to undergo plastic surgery. In and interview Carver had with a woman who had vaginal plastic surgery the woman said, â€Å"I felt droopy and funny looking,† one mother of two told me. â€Å"No one complained, but I was inhibited. Now I feel fabulous! I look like a playboy centerfold† (Carver, 2). No matter what kind of plastic surgery is being done, women seem to make it clear, in both readings, that plastic surgery makes them feel better about themselves and that is what’s important. Gimlin states, â€Å"Second, plastic surgery requires a defense. Much like the women I studied in the aerobic classes, those who underwent plastic surgery are working hard to justify themselves† (Gimlin, 107). I believe that women, who make choices in order to feel more comfortable with their appearance, have a stronger inner character and will, than women who stay miserable with their appearances. In both Ann Marie’s case and the mother of two’s case, these women have gotten rid of their beliefs that they do not look as good as other with plastic surgery, but they both have to defend there solution of plastic surgery. To me, women who feel it necessary to get plastic surgery just cannot win in society. Either they don’t feel their appearance is suitable for their culture, or they have to defend their character when trying to do something about their appearance. There are a couple important factors that can complicate the comparison between the types of surgery Gimlin discusses and the types of surgery Carver discusses. The main and most obvious factor is that the surgeries described by Gimlin, were to improve the appearance of women, but they were surgeries that can be see by any person, any time. The women in Gimlin’s essay care more about how they look, to themselves and others, when they are fully clothed. In Carver’s article, these women had surgery to make a private part of their bodies look better. It is clear that these women are more concerned with how they look to a certain, specific person or a set of people. In each of these readings the women were striving to change something about themselves that they think is abnormal, but the difference is that the surgeries discussed in Gimlin’s essay are more common and noticeable than the surgeries in Carver’s article. Another factor that was mentioned in Carver’s essay, but not Gimlin’s was the topic of power. Carver says, He (Dr. Matlock) shines a bright, hot light between your legs and offers you power over a part of yourself you don’t understand. We could by harnessing his â€Å"laserscopy† machine, control our vaginas. That’s the snake oil he’s offering. In the hour and a half I spent with him, he never mentioned men. It was power he was selling me. (Carver, 6) Carver brings up the issue of having power over what you want your vagina to look like. Gimlin never mentions having power or â€Å"playing God.† In the cases Gimlin describes, the doctor has the right to pick and chose his patients. If he does not think that they should receive the surgery, he can deny them of that. In Carver’s article, each of the doctors she visited attempted to sell her the surgery. She mentioned that when looking at the before and after pictures the before pictures looked fine to her. The last doctor she had seen took the approach above and beyond by selling her the power of having the choice of what her vagina looks like. I believe that this is an oversight on Gimlin’s part because she did not find out how other doctors go about choosing their patients. She also made the doctor that she was working with aware that she was writing an article about him and his patients, therefore he was not going to say that he tries to sell his â€Å"work.† Because Carver went undercover for her article, she ended-up getting the more truthful side of plastic surgery. After careful reading and analyzing both of these articles, I can conclude that for some women plastic surgery is the way to go. Gimlin writes, â€Å"Plastic surgery becomes for them not an act of deception but an attempt to align body with self† (Gimlin, 102). There are obviously some pro and cons to plastic surgery, as there are with many other large decisions women make in their lives. But in my opinion, if getting the surgery helps the woman gain confidence without losing her character and beliefs, then more power to her. Research Papers on Plastic Surgery and Effect On Society - EssayThe Fifth HorsemanAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionGenetic Engineering

HMS Venturer Sinks U-864 - World War II Submarines HMS Venturer and U-864 -

HMS Venturer Sinks U-864 - World War II Submarines HMS Venturer and U-864 - Conflict: The engagement between HMS Venturer and U-864 took place during World War II. Date: Lt. Jimmy Launders and HMS Venturer sank U-864 on February 9, 1945. Ships Commanders: British Lieutenant Jimmy LaundersHMS Venturer (V-Class Submarine)37 men Germans Korvettenkapitn Ralf-Reimar Wolfram U-864 (Type IX U-boat)73 men Battle Summary: In late 1944, U-864 was dispatched from Germany under the command of Korvettenkapitn Ralf-Reimar Wolfram to take part in Operation Caesar. This mission called for the submarine to transport advanced technology, such as Me-262 jet fighter parts and V-2 missile guidance systems, to Japan for use against American forces. Also on board was 65 tons of mercury which was needed for the production of detonators. While passing through the Kiel Canal, U-864 grounded damaging its hull. To address this issue, Wolfram sailed north to the U-boat pens at Bergen, Norway. On January 12, 1945, while U-864 was undergoing repairs, the pens were attacked by British bombers further delaying the submarines departure. With repairs complete, Wolfram finally sailed in early February. In Britain, code breakers at Bletchley Park were alerted to U-864s mission and location through Enigma radio intercepts. To prevent the German boat from completing its mission, the Admiralty diverted the fast attack submarine, HMS Venturer to search for U-864 in the area of Fedje, Norway. Commanded by rising star Lieutenant James Launders, HMS Venturer had recently departed its base at Lerwick. On February 6, Wolfram passed Fedje the area however issues soon began to arise with one of U-864s engines. Despite the repairs at Bergen, one of the engines began to misfire, greatly increasing the noise the submarine produced. Radioing Bergen that they would be returning to port, Wolfram was told that an escort would be waiting for them at Hellisoy on the 10th. Arriving in the Fedje area, Launders made a calculated decision to turn off Venturers ASDIC (an advanced sonar) system. While use of the ASDIC would make locating U-864 easier, it risked giving away Venturers position. Relying solely on Venturers hydrophone, Launders began searching the waters around Fedje. On February 9, Venturers hydrophone operator detected an unidentified noise that sounded like a diesel engine. After tracking the sound, Venturer approached and raised its periscope. Surveying the horizon, Launders spotted another periscope. Lowering Venturers, Launders correctly guessed that the other periscope belonged to his quarry. Slowly following U-864, Launders planned to attack the German u-boat when it surfaced. As Venturer stalked U-864 it became clear that it had been detected as the German began following an evasive zigzag course. After pursuing Wolfram for three hours, and with Bergen approaching, Launders decided that he needed to act. Anticipating U-864s course, Launders and his men computed a firing solution in three dimensions. While this type of calculation had been practiced in theory, it had never been attempted at sea in combat conditions. With this work done, Launders fired all four of Venturers torpedoes, at varying depths, with 17.5 seconds between each. After firing the last torpedo, Venturer dove quickly to prevent any counterattack. Hearing the torpedoes approach, Wolfram ordered U-864 to dive deeper and turn to avoid them. While U-864 successfully evaded the first three, the fourth torpedo struck the submarine, sinking it with all hands. Aftermath: The loss of U-864 cost the Kriegsmarine the U-boats entire 73-man crew as well as the vessel. For his actions off Fedje, Launders was awarded a bar for his Distinguished Service Order. HMS Venturers fight with U-864 is the only known, publicly acknowledged battle where one submerged submarine sank another.